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The evolution of tectonophysics is closely linked to the history of the continental drift and plate tectonics hypotheses. The continental drift/ Airy-Heiskanen isostasy hypothesis had many flaws and scarce data. The fixist/ Pratt-Hayford isostasy, the contracting Earth and the expanding Earth concepts had many flaws as well. The idea of continents with a permanent location, the geosyncline theory, the Pratt-Hayford isostasy, the extrapolation of the age of the Earth by Lord Kelvin as a black body cooling down, the contracting Earth, the Earth as a solid and crystalline body, is one school of thought. A lithosphere creeping over the asthenosphere is a logical consequence of an Earth with internal heat by radioactivity decay, the Airy-Heiskanen isostasy, thrust faults and Niskanen's mantle viscosity determinations. ==Making sense of the puzzle pieces== *1953, the Great Global Rift, running along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, was discovered by Bruce Heezen (Lamont Group) (Puzzle pieces: Seismic-refraction and Sonar survey of the rifts). , , , , * * Their world ocean floor map was published 1977. Austrian painter Heinrich Berann worked on it. * * Nowadays the seafloor maps have a better resolution by the SEASAT, Geosat/ERM and ERS-1/ERM (European Remote-Sensing Satellite/Exact Repeat Mission) missions. *World map of earthquake epicenters, oceanic ones mainly . *1954–1963: Alfred Rittmann was elected IAV President (IAV at that time) for three periods. *1956, S. K. Runcorn becomes a drifter. , * * Statistics by Ronald Fisher. , * * Jan Hospers work (magnetic poles and geographical poles coincide the last 23 Ma). * * Self-exciting dynamo theory of Elsasser-Bullard. * S. W. Carey, plate tectonics . But he believed here in an Expanding Earth. *1958, Henry William Menard notes that most mid-ocean ridges are halfway between the two continental edges ( cited in ). *Seafloor spreading * * December 1960, Harry H. Hess (preprint and a report for the Navy): Sonar and seafloor spreading (personal communication formally published in 1962 (Puzzle pieces: his World War II seafloor profiles, Carey (1958), Vening Meinesz (1948, oceanic gravity anomalies) and the Great Global Rift). , , , * * 1961, Robert S. Dietz . * , the Permian tillite at Squantum, Massachusetts, was reclassified as turbidite. It was used as argument by anti-drifters. * P. M. S. Blakett (1960), Blakett's former lecturer S. K. Runcorn (1962), Runcorn's former student E. Irving: Paleomagnetism. * * References: , , , , , , *1962, S.K. Runcorn applies the Rayleigh's theory of convection: convection occurs if viscosity under the crust is less than 1026-1027 CGS units. *1962, Subduction in the Aleutian Islands, Robert R. Coats (USGS). * * * The uncertainty of the distance between Europe and North America is too great to confirm the continental drift hypothesis. It states wrongly that the lock-and-key form of South America and Africa is less good if the continental shelf is taken into account. Note: the truth is that neither A. Wegener nor C. Schuchert used the east coastline of South America and west coastline of Africa, really; these coastlines don't fit . 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Timeline of the development of tectonophysics (after 1952)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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